Florida Legislators
Consider Funding for Shuttle Landing Facility (Source:
SPACErePORT)
As Space Florida awaits action from NASA Headquarters on a draft agreement
for transfer of the Shuttle Landing Facility to the state, Florida
legislators are preparing for the eventual transfer by adding $2.5
million to Space Florida's budget. The money would be used to prepare
the facility for the growing list of potential users now considering it
as a base of operations.
In the Florida Senate, $2.5 million has been added as a stand-alone
line item. In the Florida House, $2.5 million would be allowed for this
purpose within a larger $7 million "Investment Fund" intended for
leveraged financings for space industry recruitment/expansion in the
state. Meanwhile, however, the Senate's $2.5 million may now be
earmarked to fund a $500,000 space transportation research project
proposed by the Florida Institute of Technology. Click here to keep track. (4/3)
Space Florida Deal Gives
Tax-Free Ride to Mystery Company (Source: Florida Today)
An aerospace company considering a project to create 1,800 high-paying
jobs at Melbourne International Airport would not have to pay county,
city or school taxes on the $500 million project, as part of a deal
with Space Florida. Under the complex agreement with Space Florida and
other governmental bodies, Space Florida would own the buildings and
much of the equipment involved in the project, then lease them to the
unidentified company, known as "Project Magellan," for the company's
"aircraft development work."
Editor's
Note: As a "Special-Purpose Entity" (SPE), Space Florida
can provide off-balance-sheet financing that offers liquidity,
depreciation and interest benefits. This involves facility lease-backs
that allow the SPE to finance and own the facility, leasing it to a
company until the debt is paid, at which point ownership may transfer to
the company. This was done with other Space Florida/Spaceport Authority
projects at the Cape Canaveral Spaceport and elsewhere. (4/3)
Bring Ukrainian Rockets
to U.S.? (Source: SPACErePORT)
As the U.S. considers ways to thwart Russia and assist Ukraine, maybe
consideration should be given to something Ukraine's Yuzhnoye has
proposed in the recent past: allowing Ukrainian rockets to launch from
the Cape Canaveral Spaceport. A delegation from Ukraine visited Florida
a couple years ago to explore the potential for their proposed Mayak
family of rockets to be assembled and launched from the Cape.
The plan would have involved a majority-U.S. corporate entity to manage
the operation, allowing the vehicles to carry both commercial and U.S.
government payloads. Turning the Cape into a true international
spaceport (using Shiloh?) would introduce new competition, reducing
prices, generating jobs, and broadening the user base at the spaceport.
(4/3)
NASA Suspends Contact
with Russia Over Ukraine Crisis (Source: The Verge)
Citing Russia’s ongoing violations of Ukraine’s sovereign and
territorial integrity, NASA told its officials today that the agency is
suspending all contact with Russian government representatives. In an
internal NASA memorandum obtained by The Verge, the agency said that
the suspension includes travel to Russia, teleconferences, and visits
by Russian government officials to NASA facilities. NASA is even
suspending the exchange of emails with Russian officials.
Ongoing International Space Station activities are exempt from this
suspension, however, as are meetings with other countries held outside
of Russia that include the participation of Russian officials. The
directives come directly from Michael O'Brien, the agency associate
administrator for International and Interagency Relations. (4/2)
ULA Celebrates 80th
Successful Launch with California Atlas Mission (Source:
Parabolic Arc)
A United Launch Alliance Atlas V rocket successfully launched the Air
Force’s Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP-19) payload from
Space Launch Complex-3 at Vandenberg AFB in California. This is the
third mission of 15 scheduled for 2014 and the 80th mission since ULA
was formed in December 2006. (4/3)
Missile Warning Sensor
Not Early Candidate for Hosted Payload (Source: Space News)
The Air Force has identified six candidate payloads — half of which
come from civilian agencies — that could be matched with commercial
host satellites through the service’s soon-to-be-awarded Hosted Payload
Solutions contract. However, a follow-on to the recently concluded
Commercially Hosted Infrared Payload mission, in which an experimental
missile-warning sensor was flown on a communications satellite, will
not be among them, said Air Force Col. Scott Beidleman. (4/3)
Norwegian Skydiver Nearly
Struck by Meteorite (Source: NRK)
One summer day in 2012, Anders Helstrup and several other members of
Oslo Parachute Club jumped from a small plane. Helstrup, wearing a wing
suit and with two cameras fixed to his helmet, released his parachute.
On the way down he realized something was happening.
“I got the feeling that there was something, but I didn’t register what
was happening,” Helstrup explained. Immediately after landing, he
looked through the film from the jump, which clearly showed that
something did happen. Something that looks like a stone hurtles past
Helstrup – clearing him by only a few meters. Click here.
(4/2)
On-Pad Mishap Delays Sea
Launch Mission (Source: Space News)
A mishap that occurred during vehicle processing led Sea Launch to
delay the planned April 15 launch of Eutelsat’s Eutelsat 3B
telecommunications satellite, Sea Launch announced March 31. A lateral
plate housing on the interstage truss of the Zenit 3SL launch vehicle
incurred mechanical damage due to what the company characterized as a
“discrepancy in the nominal movement” of the plate and a cable mast
assembly. The incident occurred as the fully integrated rocket was
being raised on its ocean-going launch pad at Sea Launch’s Long Beach,
Calif., home port. (4/2)
How to Dodge a Space
Bullet in Three (Not So Easy) Steps (Source: National
Journal)
Getting to space isn't easy. Dodging bullets once you get there is even
harder. Thanks to carelessness and satellite collisions, Earth's
atmosphere is littered with a half-million or so pieces of debris. And
they're all traveling 17,500 miles per hour—roughly 10 times the speed
of a bullet. Even a golf ball at that speed could take out a satellite
system.
The dangers of space debris are not lost on NASA, particularly as it
attempts to protect the International Space Station and the astronauts
who live inside it. In fact, just this month NASA had to move the
International Space Station to avoid a potential collision. Click here.
(4/3)
National Air and Space
Museum Receives $30 Million from Boeing (Source: SpaceRef)
The Smithsonian's National Air and Space Museum announced that Boeing
is donating $30 million to support the museum's educational activities
and exhibitions, including an extensive renovation of its main hall,
"Milestones of Flight." It will be completed in time for the museum's
40th anniversary in 2016, which is also the aerospace company's 100th
anniversary. (4/3)
Discovery, Science to
Televise Live Moon Landing (Source: Hollywood Reporter)
The sibling networks will serve as the broadcast home for the Google
Lunar XPRIZE, a $30 million competition for privately funded teams to
land an unmanned craft on the moon. Discovery and Science Channels are
headed to the moon. The sibling cable networks have signed on to
chronicle the Google Lunar XPRIZE competition for privately funded
teams to land an unmanned craft on the moon by Dec. 31, 2015.
The networks will chronicle the historic race with a miniseries event
that follows teams from around the world as they race to complete the
requirements for the grand prize: landing a craft on the surface of the
moon, traveling 500 meters and transmitting live pictures and video
back to Earth. (4/3)
GLONASS Gone . . . Then
Back (Source: GPS World)
In an unprecedented total disruption of a fully operational GNSS
constellation, all satellites in the Russian GLONASS broadcast corrupt
information for 11 hours, from just past midnight until noon Russian
time (UTC+4), on April 2 (or 5 p.m. on April 1 to 4 a.m. April 2, U.S.
Eastern time). This rendered the system completely unusable to all
worldwide GLONASS receivers. Full and correct service has now been
restored.
“Bad ephemerides were uploaded to satellites. Those bad ephemerides
became active at 1:00 am Moscow time,” reported one knowledgeable
source. For every GNSS in orbit, the navigation messages include
ephemeris data, used to calculate the position of each satellite in
orbit, and information about the time and status of the entire
satellite constellation (almanac); this data is processed by user
receivers on the ground to compute their precise position. (4/2)
Kicza Stepping Down as
NOAA Satellite Chief (Source: Space News)
Mary Kicza, the head of NOAA’s satellite division, is retiring from
federal service in July. Her last day in the office will be in
mid-June. Kicza became assistant administrator for NOAA’s Satellite and
Information Services (NESDIS) division in 2007 following a two-year
stint as NESDIS deputy. NOAA’s statement said Mark Paese, currently
Kicza’s deputy at NESDIS, will replace her on an acting basis. (4/2)
VAB Preparing for Key
Role During SLS Processing Flow (Source:
NasaSpaceFlight.com)
KSC's iconic Vehicle Assembly Building may have fallen silent over
recent years, but behind the scenes teams are working on a “roadmap of
operations” for the giant building, ahead of its primary role with the
integration of the Space Launch System (SLS) and Orion spacecraft. The
VAB has been the focal point for mating NASA launch vehicles since the
days of the Saturn through to the 30 year career of the Space Shuttle.
The building’s role has been secured for decades to come, providing the
role for SLS integration with its payloads. With oversight from the
Ground Systems Development and Operations (GSDO) Program, the VAB is
being slowly transformed into becoming a key part of the SLS and Orion
flow. (4/3)
Moon Gets Younger Age
Estimate (Source: Science News)
The moon may have formed about 95 million years after the birth of the
solar system, up to 70 million years later than some scientists
previously predicted. That makes the moon about 4,470 million years
old. Researchers derived the later date by combining simulations of the
early solar system with abundances of iron-loving elements in the
Earth’s crust, which must have arrived after the collision that formed
the moon. (4/3)
NASA’s About to Give Away
a Mountain of Its Code (Source: WIRED)
Forty years after Apollo 11 landed on the moon, NASA open sourced the
software code that ran the guidance systems on the lunar module. By
that time, the code was little more than a novelty. But in recent
years, the space agency has built all sorts of other software that is
still on the cutting edge. And as it turns out, like the Apollo 11
code, much of this NASA software is available for public use, meaning
anyone can download it and run it and adapt it for free. You can even
use it in commercial products.
But don’t take our word for it. Next Thursday, NASA will release a
master list of software projects it has cooked up over the years. This
is more than just stuff than runs on a personal computer. Think robots
and cryogenic systems and climate simulators. There’s even code for
running rocket guidance systems. This NASA software catalog will list
more than 1,000 projects, and it will show you how to actually obtain
the code you want. (4/3)
Editorial: Freeze on
Russia-NASA Space Cooperation to Have Global Backlash
(Source: RIA Novosti)
Washington's decision to freeze cooperation between the NASA space
agency and its Russian counterpart on a slew of joint projects will
hurt global space partnership but won't be the end of the Russian space
program, Director of the Space Policy Institute Ivan Moiseyev told RIA
Novosti Thursday.
NASA issued a statement saying it put most of its joint missions with
Russia on hold indefinitely. The only exception is the "operational
International Space Station activities," the agency's associate
administrator Michael O'Brien said in a memo. "The statement was way
too harsh," Ivan Moiseyev told RIA Novosti. He warned NASA that its
move would have a "rather significant" impact on space exploration
projects globally.
"Modern space science is a global phenomenon that benefits all
countries," Moiseyev noted. "It means that many large-scale projects
require an international effort. A freeze on cooperation will spur a
serious backlash against the international space program." (4/3)
NASA Nulling Fate of Nine
Astrophysics Missions (Source: Space News)
A NASA Senior Review panel will decide in June how to prioritize
funding for the fiscal year beginning Oct. 1 among nine astrophysics
initiatives that currently cost a combined $65 million a year to keep
in service. “The missing money is probably on the order of about $10
million,” Paul Hertz, NASA’s Astrophysics Division director told
members of a NASA Advisory Council panel March 27.
Six of the projects vying for extended funding are U.S.-based. Three
are overseen by international space agencies and have U.S. partners.
The NASA missions are: the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope; the Nuclear
Spectroscopic Telescope Array X-ray observatory; the infrared Spitzer
Space Telescope; the Swift Telescope, which tracks gamma-ray bursts; a
proposed Kepler space telescope follow-on mission known as K2; and the
Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, which was brought out of
hibernation last year to help search for asteroids on a collision
course with Earth. (4/3)
The Science of Escaping
Super-Fast Space Trash (Source: National Journal)
Getting to space isn't easy. Dodging bullets once you get there is even
harder. Thanks to carelessness and satellite collisions, Earth's
atmosphere is littered with a half-million or so pieces of debris. And
they're all traveling 17,500 miles per hour—roughly 10 times the speed
of a bullet. Even a golf ball at that speed could take out a satellite
system.
The dangers of space debris are not lost on NASA, particularly as it
attempts to protect the International Space Station and the astronauts
who live inside it. In fact, just this month NASA had to move the
International Space Station to avoid a potential collision. Click here.
(4/3)
Morpheus Completes Test
with New Sensors at Cape Canaveral Spaceport (Source:
Florida Today)
At KSC today, NASA's prototype Morpheus lander completed its first free
flight carrying a sensor package designed to detect and avoid hazards
on the ground. The four-legged, liquid methane-fueled vehicle lifted
off at 4:21 p.m., climbed 800 feet and flew down range 1,300 feet
before landing in a cloud of dust in a hazard field north of the
shuttle runway.
The 96-second flight was Morpheus' first carrying expensive sensors and
software called Autonomous Landing and Hazard Avoidance Technology, or
ALHAT, and followed a series of test flights to prove the vehicle's
flight worthiness. The laser-guided system scanned the hazard field and
ranked safe landing options, but did not control the flight as is
planned in future tests expected to run through May. (4/2)
Private Company Breathes
Life Into Former Shuttle Hangar (Source: Florida Today)
Paint
peeling from its sliding high bay doors at first suggests 56-year-old
Hangar N is another piece of aging infrastructure that NASA is
struggling to maintain. But through those doors, the NASA facility at
Cape Canaveral Air Force Station instead reveals itself to be an
example of a new way of doing business that is key to the space
agency's post-shuttle future.
The eight-person team of former
shuttle contractors now operating the hangar work for a private
company, Minnesota-based PaR Systems, which hopes to market their
skills and the facility's specialized testing equipment to government
and commercial customers in the space industry and beyond.
We're
seeing new ways of using the hangar's capabilities," said Brian Behm,
PaR's president of aerospace robotics. "And I've got to tell you, some
of them are extremely exciting." Behind Behm in one corner was a large
robotic X-ray machine, like a giant, high-tech version of one in a
dentist's office, able to move up or down and rotate around large
pieces of hardware. Click here.
(4/3)
Grounded: Branson's
Desert Launchpad Awaits First Passenger (Source: FOX News)
A $208 million project that was supposed to put Truth or Consequences,
N.M., on the map -- and well-heeled adventurers into space -- is home
to little more than tumbleweeds nearly a decade after it was proposed.
Spaceport America is still supposed to one day send civilians into
space for $250,000 tours as part of Richard Branson’s Virgin Galactic
enterprise. But the billionaire Brit has been plagued by a failure to
launch, and the promise of the project has been stalled on the pad.
“It’s taking Branson a whole lot longer to get this launched; he’s
going through a learning process,” Sierra County Manager Marc
Huntzinger said of Virgin Galactic, which is supposed to be the anchor
tenant for the Spaceport. “Not only have the flights not materialized,
the Spaceport is struggling to keep the lights on.”
“The sooner your reservation is made, the sooner you will be traveling
to space,” reads the “reservations” tab. But no one has left Earth so
far and only a handful of test launches of vertical rockets have taken
off. Sierra County Commissioner Walter Armijo said any boost to the
local economy of the taxpayer-subsidized project remains a mirage.
"It’s a beautiful facility sitting in the middle of nowhere,” Armijo
said. (4/3)
Senators Urge Review of
U.S. Air Force Satellite Launch Program (Source: Reuters)
U.S. senators on Wednesday urged the Air Force to allow more
competition in the multibillion-dollar market for launching government
satellites, citing rising costs and concerns about Russian-made engines
that power some of the U.S. rockets. Lawmakers said the Air Force's
2015 budget plan reduced opportunities for SpaceX and others to gain a
foothold in a program now dominated by Lockheed Martin and Boeing.
Sen. Dianne Feinstein (D-CA) told Air Force officials it was
"unacceptable" to reduce competition while the cost of the EELV program
were rising sharply. "I'm worried about the costs going up
exponentially," she told a defense subcommittee. Feinstein and five
other senators also sent a letter to SecDef Chuck Hagel urging him to
ensure that the launch program allowed competition in FY2015 as
planned. The GAO said the cost of each new EELV launch had more than
tripled to $420 million. (4/3)
The Billionaire's Race to
Harness the Moon's Resources (Source: CNBC)
As a child growing up in rural India in the 1960s and 1970s, Naveen
Jain would gaze up at the moon and imagine a life beyond his modest
surroundings. Today he's still gazing at the moon, but for far
different reasons. Jain, 55, is co-founder of Moon Express, a company
that's aiming to send the first commercial robotic spacecraft to the
moon next year. This serial entrepreneur believes that the moon holds
precious metals and rare minerals that can be brought back to help
address Earth's energy, health and resource challenges.
Among the moon's vast riches: gold, cobalt, iron, palladium, platinum,
tungsten and helium-3, a gas that can be used in future fusion reactors
to provide nuclear power without radioactive waste. It's an exciting
prospect, considering supply on Earth for such rare minerals as
palladium—used for electronics and industrial purposes—is finite,
pushing prices to $784 an ounce on April 2. (4/3)
Hubble Spots Comet
Heading Toward Mars (Source: LA Times)
Hubble has spotted a comet named Sliding Spring spewing gas and dust
into space as it zooms to a close encounter with Mars in October.
Researchers working with the Hubble Space Telescope recently released
two images of the comet. Click here.
(4/2)
Suborbital Space Facility
to Be Built in Indonesia (Source: Jakarta Post)
A suborbital space tourism facility, which offers short-time zero
gravity and Earth view from space, will be built in Palu, Central
Sulawesi, according to Deputy Mayor Andi Mulhanan Tombolotutu. Andi
said that the plan to build the facility had been conveyed to the
municipal administration by Norul Ridzuan Zakaria, founder and
president of Malaysian Tourism Space Community, through a letter dated
March 29.
He said a team from Malaysia and the UK would arrive in Palu to further
discuss the matter. Quoting the letter, Andi said that the Malaysian
institution had been conducting research to develop such tourism in
Southeast Asia. The first step would be developing a local suborbital
flight in which a suborbital ship will carry passenger vertically over
100 kilometers above the sea level, giving passengers a micro gravity
experience, to see Earth from space.
According to research, Andi said, a site located on a big lake or
ravine, where the water was relatively calm, would offer a beautiful
view and a secure vertical take-off and landing (VTOL). “From
discussions and research conducted, Palu Bay in Central Sulawesi was
considered suitable for such an operation,” Andi added.
ABC's ‘Astronaut Wives
Club’ to Be Reworked (Source: The Wrap)
“Astronaut Wives,” the upcoming drama from “Gossip Girl” executive
producers Stephanie Savage and Josh Schwartz, has been moved from the
summer schedule to the fall midseason. Adapted from Lily Koppel's book
of the same name, “Astronaut Wives Club” follows the “real story” of
the women who stood beside some of the biggest heroes in American
history during the height of the space race.
The drama has been re-conceived from covering just the Mercury mission
to including the Gemini and Apollo missions, as well. It will be moving
its production start from summer to fall in order to broaden Season 1
for a premiere in the midseason. (4/3)
Kazakhstan and Russia
Plan to Use Ukrainian Rocket for Joint Space Project
(Source: Trend)
Kazakhstan and Russia still plan to use Ukrainian carrier rocket Zenith
at the joint space rocket complex Baiterek, Kazakh news agency
Kazinform reported. This announcement was made following the meeting of
Kazakh Foreign Minister Yerlan Idrisov with his Russian Russian
counterpart Sergei Lavrov in Moscow on April 3.
The parties discussed bilateral space cooperation in detail, including
interaction at the Baikonur cosmodrome and Baiterek launch complex.
"The Baiterek project should be continued. We have a common
understanding that the current situation in Ukraine should not affect
the Baiterek project," Idrisov said. Lavrov in turn said that neither
Russia nor Kazakhstan plan any changes in the Baiterek project,
including rejection of Zenit rocket carrier. (4/3)
Will Living on Mars Drive
Us Crazy? (Source: The Atlantic)
When human space travel made its transition from pipe dream to reality,
one of the unknowns humans contended with concerned not just the
physics of space, but the psychology of it. How would the human mind
react to the final frontier? Would microgravity, combined with the
isolation of a spaceship, cause a kind of claustrophobia?
Would propulsion outside of Earth's bounds, in the end, cause
astronauts to experience a psychic break? Was there such thing, as
science fiction writers had long feared, as "space madness"? Space,
fortunately, does not drive us crazy. But that doesn't mean we've
stopped caring about the effects its new environments will have on our
psychology. The new version of the old "space madness" question is how
time away from our home planet will affect us—in the long term.
What could life on Mars do to that that other cosmic mystery: the human
emotional state? NASA is hoping to find out. This week, in partnership
with the University of Hawaii at Manoa, the agency launched the latest
version of its Mars simulation experiment, the Hawaii Space Exploration
Analog and Simulation mission. (4/3)
NASA Can't Ethically Send
Astronauts on One-Way Missions (Source: Motherboard)
It goes pretty much without saying that flying to Mars is a dangerous
proposition. In fact, right now, any deep space mission easily fails
NASA’s minimum safety requirements. Regardless, the agency is planning
(eventually) to send humans out to an asteroid and to Mars, so
something's gotta give. NASA’s going to have to change its safety
guidelines.
There’s no conceivable way that, within the next few years, our
engineering capabilities or understanding of things like radiation
exposure in space are going to advance far enough for a mission to Mars
to be acceptably “safe” for NASA. So, instead, the agency commissioned
the National Academies to take a look at how it can ethically go about
changing those standards. The National Academies said that there are
essentially three ways NASA can go about doing this, besides completely
abandoning deep space forever:
It can completely liberalize its health standards, it can establish
more permissive “long duration and exploration health standards,” or it
can create a process by which certain missions are exempt from its
safety standards. The team, led by Jeffrey Kahn, concluded that only
the third option is remotely acceptable. But liberalizing health
standards across the board would completely undermine the standards in
general, which are “based on the best available scientific and clinical
evidence, as well as operational experience.” (4/3)
Brooks' Statements on
Obama, NASA, BRAC, 'Endangering' District, Opponent Says
(Source: Huntsville Times)
Over the last few weeks, Congressman Mo Brooks (R-AL) has been in the
news...and it hasn't been pretty. He has made public statements that
are irrational, illogical and false. He has shown a lack of command of
the facts and a lack of discipline for leadership. This should be
disturbing for the voters in this district. His deficiencies have, and
continue to, hurt the citizens of North Alabama during his time in
office.
Congressman Brooks' irresponsible statements about NASA, BRAC, the
Russian annexation of Crimea and of President Obama are not only are
factually inaccurate, they are needlessly endangering the economic
welfare of the 5th District of Alabama. The greatest threat to the
economic future of Alabama is a polarized federal government locked in
stalemate. Our Congressman has shown an inability to build
relationships or lead people to consensus.
On March 20, the Congressman stated on live radio that President Putin
invaded Ukraine "because Obama has shown America to be weak by lying
about Obamacare". Seriously? The only purpose for making such a
statement is the Congressman's perception that he must pander to a
dwindling base craving hateful rhetoric over real solutions. (4/3)
Maybe
Great-Great-Great-Great-Great Grandkids Will Live On Exoplanets
(Source: Huffington Post)
Colonize Mars? Meh. While some space enthusiasts are vying for a chance
to create a human colony on the Red Planet, others say exoplanets like
"Kepler-22b" and "Gliese 667Cc" may be more suitable for life -- human
or alien, that is. Just check out this
infographic for a list of 10 exoplanets that the University
of Puerto Rico's Planetary Habitability Lab considers most habitable.
(4/3)
Gaggle of Dwarf Planets
Found by Dark Energy Camera (Source: New Scientist)
Our solar system just got a little more crowded, thanks to discoveries
from a huge digital camera designed to study dark energy. Last week
astronomers reported the discovery of 2012 VP113 – nicknamed "Joe
Biden" after the vice president, or VP, of the US. This potential dwarf
planet was spotted on the outer fringes of the solar system, in a
region called the inner Oort cloud. Days later, the same team reported
two more potential dwarfs, known as 2013 FY27 and 2013 FZ27. (4/2)
Bill Clinton: 'I Wouldn't
Be Surprised' by Alien Visit (Source: NBC)
Former President Bill Clinton said he “wouldn't be surprised” if Earth
was eventually visited by aliens. “I don’t know,” he said when quizzed
on the subject by talk-show host Jimmy Kimmel on Wednesday. “But if we
were visited someday I wouldn’t be surprised. I just hope that it’s not
like Independence Day.”
He added: “We know now we live in an ever-expanding universe, we know
there are billions of stars and planets out there and the universe is
getting bigger." However, Clinton also explained that he had reviewed
the subject during his time in the White House and found no evidence of
alien life. (4/3)
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